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iPhone
Manufacturer Apple Inc. (ARM 1176 CPU)
Carrier AT&T Mobility (formerly Cingular Wireless)
Available Flag of United States June 29, 2007
Flag of European Union Q4 2007
Flag of Australia Q1 2008
Flag of Japan 2008
Flag of Mexico 2008
Screen 3.5 in, 320x480 px at 160 ppi
Camera 2.0 megapixel
Memory 4 GB, 8 GB, internal flash memory
Networks 2.5G GSM Quad band (850/900/1800/1900 MHz), GPRS/EDGE, data speed
up to 220 kbit/s
Connectivity Computer via 30-pin iPod dock connector, Wi-Fi (802.11b/g),
Bluetooth 2.0
Physical size 115×61×11.6 mm (4.5×2.4×0.46 in)
Form factor Candybar
Weight 135 grams (4.8 ounces)
Media capabilities As iPod (5G)
The iPhone is a multimedia and Internet-enabled 2.75G quad-band GSM mobile
phone by Apple. The iPhone's functions include those of a camera phone, a
multimedia player, and mobile phone. It also offers Internet services
including e-mail, text messaging, web browsing, Visual Voicemail, and local
Wi-Fi connectivity. User input is accomplished via a multi-touch screen with
virtual keyboard and buttons. Apple has filed more than 200 patents related
to the technology behind the iPhone.[1]
The iPhone is available from the Apple Store and from AT&T Mobility,
formerly Cingular Wireless, with a price of US$499 for the 4 GB model and
US$599 for the 8 GB model. Apple intends to make the phone available in
Europe in Q4 2007 and in Mexico, Australia and Asia in 2008.
Features
Apple has released a Guided Tour video explaining many of iPhone's features
through a series of demonstrations.[2]
Touch screen
The 3.5 inch (8.9 cm) liquid crystal display (320×480 px at 160 ppi) HVGA
touch screen topped with optical-quality glass[3] is specifically created
for use with a finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing. No
stylus is needed, nor can an ordinary one be used, as the touch screen
requires touch by something with the physical properties of bare skin to
operate.[4] The requirement for bare skin to be used has caused concerns for
users in areas with winter climates, as the removal of gloves is required to
use the touchpad.[5][6]
For text input, the device implements a virtual keyboard on the touchscreen.
It has automatic spell checking, predictive word capabilities, and a dynamic
dictionary that learns new words. The predictive word capabilities have been
integrated with the dynamic virtual keyboard so that users will not have to
be extremely accurate when typing — i.e. touching the edges of the desired
letter or nearby letters on the keyboard will be predictively corrected when
possible. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced further apart when in
landscape mode (currently, only using Safari). Reviewers, writers and
analysts have pointed out several areas in which the iPhone falls short. The
virtual keyboard has been considered its chief weakness and a risk for
Apple.[7] The New York Times' David Pogue and Wall Street Journal's Walt
Mossberg, who both tested the iPhone for two weeks, found learning to use it
initially difficult, although eventually usable, with Pogue stating use was
"frustrating" and "text entry is not the iPhone’s strong suit" but Mossberg
considered the keyboard a "nonissue." Both found the typo-correcting feature
of the iPhone was the key to using the virtual keyboard successfully.[8][9]
The iPhone varies from common desktop interfaces by using a direct
manipulation model of scrolling. Where a typical desktop GUI achieves
scrolling by using a scroll-arrow to push a view-window down and thus the
content itself up (or the reverse, clicking up to move content down), the
iPhone interface enables the user to move the content itself up or down by a
touch-drag-lift motion of the finger, much as one would slide a playing card
across a table. Additionally, the speed desired for scrolling is computed
based on the speed and acceleration with which the drag motion is performed.
Scrolling through a long list works as if the list is pasted on the surface
of a wheel: the wheel can be "spun" by sliding a finger over the display.
After the finger is lifted from the display the wheel continues to "spin"
for a short moment before coasting down. In this way, the iPhone seems to
simulate the physics of a real object, which, it is thought, should give a
natural feel to the whole process.
The user interface also features other visual effects, such as horizontally
sliding sub-selections and co-selections from right and left, vertically
sliding system menus from the bottom (e.g. favorites, keyboard), and menus
and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on their
back sides.
The photo album and web page magnifications are examples of multi-touch
sensing. It is possible to zoom in and out of objects such as web pages and
photos by respectively "unpinching" and "pinching" them, that is, placing
two fingers (usually thumb and forefinger) on the screen and moving them
farther apart or closer together as if stretching or squeezing the image.
This scaling is done uniformly and proportionally based on the image in
question so there is no distortion of the image itself, as would be the case
if the image were actually stretched or squeezed.
One disadvantage of multi-touch with regards to AJAX web sites is that there
is no mechanism for 'hovering' over a UI element. That is, there is no
separate paradigm for indicating interest or focus on a portion of a web
control other than clicking on it.
Other inputs
The display responds to three sensors: a proximity sensor that shuts off the
display and touchscreen when the iPhone is brought near the face to save
battery power and to prevent spurious inputs from the user's face and ears,
an ambient light sensor that adjusts the display brightness which in turn
saves battery power, and an accelerometer, which senses the orientation of
the phone and changes the screen accordingly. Web browsing and music playing
support three orientations, while videos play in only one widescreen
orientation.
A single frontal hardware button brings up the main menu. Subselections are
made via the touchscreen. The iPhone utilizes a full-paged display, with
context-specific submenus at the top and/or bottom of each page, sometimes
depending on screen orientation. Detail pages display the equivalent of a
"Back" button to go up one menu.
The iPhone has three physical switches on its sides: sleep/wake, volume
up/down, ringer on/off. All other multimedia and phone operations are done
via the touch screen.
Phone
The iPhone allows conferencing, call holding, call merging, caller ID, and
integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. For
example, a playing song fades out when the user receives a call. Once the
call is ended the music fades back in.
The iPhone includes a Visual Voicemail feature in conjunction with AT&T
Mobility, formerly Cingular Wireless, which allows users to view a list of
current voicemail messages on-screen, without having to call into their
voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to in a
non-chronological order, by choosing messages from an on-screen list. AT&T
completely reworked their voicemail infrastructure to accommodate this new
feature designed by Apple.
SMS messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to
Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies. Text
messages are displayed in speech bubbles (similar to iChat) under each
recipient's name.
Camera
The iPhone features a built in 2.0 megapixel camera located on the back.
However, the iPhone is not able to record videos. It also includes software
that allows the user to upload, view, and e-mail photos. The user zooms in
and out of photos by "unpinching" and "pinching" them through the
Multi-touch interface. The software will interact with iPhoto on the Mac.
Multimedia
The layout of the music library differs from previous iPods, with the
sections divided more clearly alphabetically, and with a larger font.
Similar to previous iPods, the iPhone can sort its media library by songs,
artists, albums, videos, playlists, genres, composers, podcasts, audiobooks,
and Compilations. The Cover Flow, like that on iTunes, shows the different
album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by
swiping a finger across the screen.
Like the fifth generation iPods introduced in 2005, the iPhone can play
video, allowing users to watch TV shows and films. Unlike other
image-related content, video on the iPhone plays only in the landscape
orientation, when the phone is turned sideways. A two-fingered tap is used
to switch between the video's true wide-screen aspect ratio (with black bars
on the top and bottom of the screen) and a zoomed mode (to fill the iPhone's
screen).
Internet
The iPhone has built-in Wi-Fi, with which it is able to access the Internet
(through a wireless network) via a modified version of the Safari web
browser. The iPhone is also able to connect to the Internet through AT&T's
EDGE network, but is not able to utilize AT&T's 3G/HSDPA network; Steve Jobs
mentioned at the Keynote presentation that 3G support would be a future
feature of a new version.[4] The use of the EDGE network instead of 3G has
been criticized by analysts. When the user is not in a Wi-Fi hot spot, the
iPhone's network connection will use the older EDGE network, which, before
the launch, reviewers found that the EDGE network was "excruciatingly slow,"
with the iPhone taking as long as 100 seconds to download the Yahoo! home
page for the first time.[8] Immediately before the launch, however, the
observed speed of the network increased to almost 200kbps.[10] This is
probably due to the new "Fine EDGE" upgrades AT&T has been making to their
network prior to the launch.[11]
The web browser displays full web pages as opposed to simplified pages as on
most non-smartphones. However the iPhone does not support Flash or Java
technology.[12][7] Web pages may be viewed in portrait or landscape mode and
support automatic zooming by "pinching" or double-tapping images or text.
The iPhone also has Bluetooth 2.x+EDR built in. It works with wireless
earpieces that use Bluetooth 2.0 technology.
An agreement between Apple and Google provides for access to a specially
modified version of Google Maps — in map, local list, or satellite form,
optimized for the iPhone, which also provides optional real-time traffic
information. During the product's announcement, Jobs demonstrated this
feature by searching for nearby Starbucks locations and then placing a prank
call to one with a single tap.[13]
E-mail
The iPhone also features an HTML e-mail program, which enables the user to
embed photos in an e-mail message. PDF, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel
attachments to mail messages can be viewed on the phone.[14] Yahoo! is the
only e-mail provider that will be offering a free Push-IMAP e-mail service
similar to that on a BlackBerry; IMAP and POP3 mail standards are also
supported, including Microsoft Exchange. The iPhone will sync e-mail account
settings over from Apple's own Mail application, Microsoft Outlook and
Microsoft Entourage, or can be manually configured using the device's
Settings tool. With the correct settings, the e-mail program can check many
IMAP or POP3-enabled web based accounts such as Gmail, .Mac mail and
AOL.[15]
OS X
Apple has confirmed that an optimized version of the Mac OS X operating
system (without unnecessary components) runs on the iPhone, although
differences between the operating system (OS X) running on Macs and the
iPhone have not been officially explained. As iPhone's CPU is an ARM
processor, the version of OS X that runs on iPhone differs from the desktop
version in that it is written for the ARM instruction set architecture
instead of the x86 and PowerPC ISAs that the Mac version of OS X is written
for.
The operating system takes up about 700MB of the device's total 4 or 8
gigabyte storage.[8] It will be capable of supporting bundled and future
applications from Apple.
Apple intends to offer a smooth method for updating the iPhone's operating
system, in a similar fashion to the way that Mac OS X and iPods are updated,
and touts this as an advantage compared to other cell phones.[16]
Widgets, similar to the ones available in Mac OS X v10.4's Dashboard, are
included on the iPhone. They include Stocks and Weather widgets.
The iPhone's version of OS X includes the software component "Core
Animation" which is responsible for the smooth animations used in its user
interface. Core Animation has not yet been released for Macs, but will be
part of Mac OS X v10.5.
The build of OS X on at least one iPhone was "OS X 1.0 (1A543a)", as seen in
a crash log for the MobileMail application.[17][18] The application was
apparently running as the superuser.
Applications
The phone has several applications located at iPhone's "Home" Screen,
including YouTube. It will stream the videos over Wi-Fi and/or EDGE after
encoding them using QuickTime's H.264 codec, to which YouTube has converted
about 10,000 videos. They are expected to convert the entire catalog by Fall
2007, therefore the YouTube application on iPhone can only view a certain
selection of videos from the site.
At the WWDC 2007 Conference on June 11, 2007 Apple, Inc. announced that the
iPhone will support third party "applications" via the Safari web browser,
that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. The applications must
be created in Ajax or JavaScript to maintain device security.[19] The iPhone
cannot install full programs from anyone but Apple.[20]
Analysts also claim that iPhone lacks any type of firewall, which some
experts claim is posing a data security risk.[21] It is not confirmed by
Apple or by independent analysts that used the actual device for tests that
it doesn't have a firewall. Daniel Eran writes: "Dulaney doesn't know if the
iPhone has a firewall, has no reason to suggest that its installation of OS
X wouldn't offer a firewall, and offers no reasons why a mobile device would
need a firewall anyway."[22]
Other
The iPhone features a built-in rechargeable battery that is not intended to
be user-replaceable, similar to existing iPods. Once the battery reaches the
end of its life time the phone will need to be returned to Apple and
replaced for a fee.[8] The battery is stated to be capable of providing up
to seven hours of video, six hours of web browsing, or eight hours of talk
time (depending on configuration). The battery life for music playing is
stated to be 24 hours.[3] The battery also allows for up to 250 hours of
standby time.
There are new headphones which are similar to those of current iPods, but
which incorporate a microphone. Calls can be answered and ended by squeezing
the microphone. The 3.5 mm TRS connector for the headphones is located on
the top left corner (as seen from front upright). Wireless earpieces that
use Bluetooth technology to communicate with the iPhone are sold separately.
The loudspeaker is used both for handsfree operations and media playback.
The SIM card is located in a slot at the top of the device,[2] and the
device is activated through iTunes.[23]
Missing common handheld features
Critics point out that iPhone lacks a number of common handheld features,
including voice dialing, voice recording, instant messaging, memory card
slot, MMS, A2DP (stereo bluetooth), common Bluetooth file transfer, GPS
capability, text copy and paste, native games, and support for MP3 files as
ringtones.[24][25][26]
Platform support
The iPhone is compatible with Apples which have OS X version 10.4.8 or
later, and PC's with Windows XP or Vista. For each, the user must download
the latest version of iTunes, iTunes 7.3.
Pricing and availability
The initial U.S. release is offered in two configurations with two different
prices: a 4 GB model for US$499 and an 8 GB model for US$599. In a deal
concluded through secretive discussions which began in February 2005,[27]
AT&T Mobility, formerly Cingular Wireless, will be the exclusive carrier of
the iPhone in the United States and will remain so until 2009 or
later.[28][29] The iPhone may be purchased with a two-year service plan with
AT&T[30] with plans ranging from $59.99 to $99.99 per month,[31] or pre-paid
month to month at a slightly higher rate.[32]
Apple received FCC approval for the iPhone on May 17, 2007.[33] Jobs
announced that the iPhone will first be available in late June 2007 in the
U.S.,[34] during the fourth quarter 2007 in Europe (possibility of the use
of 3G networks as provided by Vodafone), and in 2008 for Asia, Mexico and
probably the rest of the Americas[35]. Also, Mac OS X v10.5, which was
originally planned for release on June 11 at the Worldwide Developers
Conference, is now delayed until October 2007, because engineers from the
Mac OS X team were diverted to work on the iPhone.[36] New commercials for
the iPhone began airing on television starting on June 3, confirming a
release date of June 29, 2007.
Apple also announced that its goal is to capture 1% of the global mobile
phone market, which would be approximately 10 million units being sold in
the first full calendar year of iPhone availability. For comparison, Jobs
announced that the Apple iPod commands 62% of the U.S. market share for MP3
players.[37]
Specifications
The specifications as listed on Apple's website are:[38]
* Screen size: 8.9 cm (3.5 in)
* Screen resolution: 320×480 pixels at 160 ppi
* Input method: Multi-touch screen interface (the "Home" button is the
iPhone's only physical front panel button)
* Operating System: Darwin OS X
* Storage: 4 or 8 GB Flash memory
* Quad band GSM (GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900)
* Wi-Fi (802.11b/802.11g), EDGE and Bluetooth 2.0 with EDR
* 2 megapixel camera
* Built-in rechargeable, non-removable battery with up to 8 hours of talk, 6
hours of internet use, 7 hours of video playback and up to 24 hours of audio
playback, lasting over 250 hours on standby.[3]
* Size: 115×61×11.6 mm (4.5×2.4×0.46 in)
* Weight: 135 g (4.8 oz)
* Digital SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) of 0.974 watts per kilogram[39][40]
The central processor is manufactured by Samsung, possibly based on the
S3C6400, but more likely the S3C2460.[41]
Package contents
* iPhone
* Stereo Headset
* Dock
* Dock Connector to USB Cable
* USB Power Adapter
* Documentation (includes 2 white Apple stickers)
* Cleaning/polishing cloth
(A separate dock is also available which charges both the iPhone and an
Apple bluetooth headset)
History
The genesis of the iPhone was Jobs' direction that Apple engineers
investigate touch-screens. At the time he had been considering having Apple
work on tablet PCs.[42][43][44] Many have noted the device's similarities to
Apple's previous touch-screen portable device, the Newton
MessagePad[45][46][47][48] — like the Newton, the iPhone is nearly all
screen. Its form factor is credited to Apple's head of design, Jonathan Ive.[42][49]
Comments made by Jobs in April 2003 at the "D: All Things Digital" executive
conference expressed his belief that tablet PCs and traditional PDAs were
not good choices as high-demand markets for Apple to enter, despite many
requests made to him that Apple create another PDA. He did believe that cell
phones were going to become important devices for portable information
access, and that what cell phones needed to have was excellent
synchronization software. At the time, instead of focusing on a follow-up to
their Newton PDA, Jobs had Apple put its energies into the iPod, and the
iTunes software (which can be used to synchronize content with iPod
devices), released January 2001.[50][51][52][53] On September 7, 2005, Apple
and Motorola released the ROKR E1, the first mobile phone to use iTunes.
However Jobs was unhappy with the ROKR, feeling that having to compromise
with a non-Apple designer (Motorola) prevented Apple from designing the
phone he wanted to make.[54] In September 2006, Apple discontinued support
for the ROKR and released a version of iTunes that included references to an
as-yet unknown mobile phone that could display pictures and video.[55] On
January 9, 2007, Jobs announced the iPhone at the Macworld convention,
receiving substantial media attention.[56] On June 11, 2007 Steve Jobs
announced at Apple's World Wide Developer's Conference that the iPhone would
support third-party applications using the Safari engine on the device.
Third-parties would create the Web 2.0 applications and users would access
them via the internet.[57] Such applications appeared even before the
release of the iPhone; the first being "OneTrip", a program meant to keep
track of the user's shopping list.[58] On June 29, Apple released version
7.3 of iTunes to coincide with the release of the iPhone.[59] This release
contains support for iPhone service activation and syncing.
Disputes
Patents
LG Electronics claimed the iPhone's design was copied from the LG Prada.
Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R&D Center, said at a press
conference, “We consider that Apple copied Prada phone after the design was
unveiled when it was presented in the iF Design Award and won the prize in
September 2006.”[60]
LG later claimed that Apple stole both the ideas and concept of the Prada
phone.[60] However, the iPhone has been in development for almost five years
and AT&T was contacted three years before (2004?). A lawsuit by LG had been
rumored prior to this announcement;[60] however, LG has remained silent on
whether or not they will file a lawsuit.
Trademark
On September 3, 1993, Infogear filed for the U.S. trademark "I PHONE"[61]
and on March 20, 1996 applied for the trademark "IPhone".[62] "I Phone" was
registered in March 1998,[61] and "IPhone" was registered in 1999.[62] Since
then, the I PHONE mark has been abandoned.[61] Infogear's trademarks cover
"communications terminals comprising computer hardware and software
providing integrated telephone, data communications and personal computer
functions" (1993 filing),[61] and "computer hardware and software for
providing integrated telephone communication with computerized global
information networks" (1996 filing).[63] Infogear released a telephone with
an integrated web server under the name iPhone in 1998.[64] In 2000,
Infogear won an infringement claim against the owners of the iphones.com
domain name.[65] In June 2000, Cisco Systems acquired Infogear, including
the iPhone trademark.[66] On December 18, 2006 they released a range of
re-branded Voice over IP (VoIP) sets under the name iPhone.[67]
In October 2002, Apple applied for the "iPhone" trademark in the United
Kingdom, Australia, Singapore and the European Union. A Canadian application
followed in October 2004 and a New Zealand application in September 2006. As
of October 2006 only the Singapore and Australian applications had been
granted. In September 2006, a company called Ocean Telecom Services applied
for an "iPhone" trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and Hong
Kong, following a filing in Trinidad and Tobago.[68] As the Ocean Telecom
trademark applications use exactly the same wording as Apple's New Zealand
application, it is assumed that Ocean Telecom is applying on behalf of
Apple.[69] The Canadian application was opposed in August 2005 by a Canadian
company called Comwave who themselves applied for the trademark three months
later. Comwave have been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since 2004.[66]
Shortly after Steve Jobs' January 9, 2007 announcement that Apple would be
selling a product called iPhone in June 2007, Cisco issued a statement that
it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to
agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before.[28]
On January 10, 2007 Cisco announced it had filed a lawsuit against Apple
over the infringement of the trademark iPhone, seeking an injunction in
federal court to prohibit Apple from using the name.[70] More recently,
Cisco claimed that the trademark lawsuit was a "minor skirmish" that was not
about money, but about interoperability.[71]
On February 2, 2007, Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to
temporarily suspend litigation while they hold settlement talks,[72] and
subsequently announced on February 20, 2007 that they had reached an
agreement. Both companies will be allowed to use the "iPhone" name[73] in
exchange for "exploring interoperability" between Apple's products and
Cisco's iPhone.[74]
Advertising
The first advertisement for iPhone, titled "Hello," aired during the 79th
Academy Awards on February 25, 2007 on ABC. The ad features clips from
several notable films and television shows over the last seventy years,
showing iconic characters answering telephones and saying "hello" or a
similar greeting. The iPhone is shown at the end with the caption "Hello.
Coming in June."
The commercial was created by TBWA\Chiat\Day, Apple's ad agency since CEO
Steve Jobs' return to the company in 1997. TBWA's Media Arts Lab will
continue to handle all upcoming advertising for iPhone, much as it has for
iPod.[75]
On June 3, 2007, Apple released four advertisements that announce a June 29,
2007 release date, and which concluded, "Use requires minimum new 2 year
activation plan."; the footnote has since been removed from all four of the
ads.[76] A fifth ad featuring YouTube was released on June 21, 2007. All
five advertisements feature a voice over describing various iPhone features,
demonstrated on-screen. The song "Perfect Timing (This Morning)" by a band
called Orba Squara plays in the background.[77]
Release
On June 28, 2007, during an address to Apple employees, Steve Jobs announced
that all full-time Apple employees and those part-time employees that have
been with the company at least one year would receive a free iPhone.
Employees will get their phones in July after the initial demand
subsides.[78] On June 29, Apple closed its stores during the hours between
2:00 and 6:00 to prepare for the iPhones launch. Meanwhile, hundreds of
customers lined up at stores nationwide until each stores re-opened their
doors to sell the first devices.[79]
There were some concerns with service and plans provided by AT&T. The iPhone
is only available for those who subscribe to a two-year AT&T service
plan[26] unless they have poor credit, in which case they can use a pre-paid
plan.[80] There is no way to opt out of the data plan and thus people who do
not want to use the iPhone's Web capability may find the fee
superfluous.[81] The iPhone cannot be added to an AT&T Business account, and
any existing business account discounts cannot be applied to an iPhone AT&T
account.[82] One report also indicated that iPhone could not be added to an
existing AT&T consumer account if it had been ported from Cingular at the
time of the Cingular-AT&T merger.[83]
The AP reported also that some users were unable to activate their phones
due to what AT&T reported was "high volume of activation requests were
taxing the company's computer servers."[84]
Analysis on the first few days of sales puts the number of iPhone sold at
between 500 and 700 thousand.[85]
Internet domain name
On July 1, 2007, it was reported that Apple paid at least $1 million to
Michael Kovatch for the transfer of the iphone.com domain name. Kovatch
registered the domain in 1995.[86] That URL now redirects to Apple's iPhone
page.
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