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Guan Yin
Names
Simplified Chinese: 观音, 观世音
Traditional Chinese: 觀音, 觀世音
Pinyin: Guanyin, Guanshì Yin
Wade-Giles: Kuan-yin, Kuan-shih Yin
Cantonese: Kwun Yum, Koon Yam
Hakka: Gon Im
Taiwanese (Min Nan): Koan-im, Koan-sè-im
Shanghainese: Kuoe'in, Kuoezy'in
Japanese | Kanji: 観音, 観世音
Rōmaji: Kan'non, Kanzeon
Korean | Hangul: 관음, 관세음
Korean romanization: Gwan-eum, Gwan-se-eum
Thai: กวนอิม, พระแม่กวนอิม
Thai Romanization: Kuan Eim, Prah Mae Kuan Eim
Vietnamese: Quan am, Quan Thế am
Guan Yin (Simplified Chinese: 观音; Traditional Chinese: 觀音; Pinyin: Guanyin)
is the bodhisattva of compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists,
usually as a female. She is also known as the Chinese Bodhisattva of
Compassion.
In Japanese, Guanyin is pronounced Kannon (観音) or more formally Kanzeon
(観世音); the spelling Kwannon, based on a pre-modern pronunciation, is
sometimes seen. In Korean, this incarnation of Buddha is called Gwan-eum or
Gwanse-eum, In Thai, the name is called Kuan Eim (กวนอิม) or Prah Mae Kuan
Eim (พระแม่กวนอิม),and in Vietnamese, the name is Quan am or Quan Thế am Bồ
Tát.
It is generally accepted that Guanyin originated as the Sanskrit
AvalokiteSvara (अवलोकितेश्वर), which is her male form. Another version
suggests she originated from the Taoist Immortal "Ci Hang Zhen Ren" (慈航真人).
Commonly known in the West as the Goddess of Mercy, Guanyin is also revered
by Chinese Taoists as an Immortal. The name Guanyin, also spelt Kuan Yin, is
short for Kuan-shih Yin (Py.: Guanshì Yin, 觀世音) which means "Observing the
Sounds (or Cries) of the World".
Depiction
Guanyin is the Chinese name for the Bodhisattva AvalokiteSvara. However,
folk traditions in China and other East Asian countries have added many
distinctive characteristics and legends. AvalokiteSvara was originally
depicted as Buddha when he was still a prince, and therefore wears
chest-revealing clothing and may even sport a moustache. However, in China,
Guanyin is usually depicted as a woman. Additionally, some people believe
that Guanyin is neither man nor woman.
In China, Guanyin is usually shown in a white flowing robe, and usually
wearing necklaces of Indian/Chinese royalty. In the right hand is a water
jar containing pure water, and in the left, a willow branch. The crown
usually depicts the image of Amitabha Buddha, Guan Yin's spiritual teacher
before she became a Bodhisattva.
In some Buddhist temples and monasteries, Guanyin images are occasionally
depicted as a young man dressed in Northern Song Buddhist robes sitting
gracefully. He is usually depicted looking or glancing down, symbolising
that Guanyin continues to watch over the world.
There are also regional variations of Guan Yin depictions. In the Fukien
region of China, for example, a popular depiction of Guan Yin is as a maiden
dressed in Tang dynasty style clothing carrying a fish basket. A popular
image of Guan Yin as both Guan Yin of the South Sea and Guan Yin With a Fish
Basket can be seen in late 1500s Chinese encyclopedias and in prints that
accompany the novel Golden Lotus.
In Chinese art, Guan Yin is often depicted either alone, standing atop a
dragon, accompanied by a bird, flanked by two children, or flanked by two
warriors. The two children are her acolytes who came to her when she was
meditating at Mount Putuo. The girl is called Long Nü and the boy Shan Tsai.
The two warriors are the historical character Guan Yu who comes from the
Three Kingdoms period and the mythological character Wei Tuo who features in
the Chinese classic Canonisation of the Gods. The Buddhist tradition also
displays Guan Yin flanked with the two said warriors, but as bodhisattvas
who protect the temple and the faith itself.
Veneration
In Chinese Buddhist iconography, Guan Yin is often depicted as meditating or
sitting alongside one of the Buddhas and usually accompanied by another
bodhisattva. Which buddha or bodhisattva usually depends upon which school
it represents. In the Pure Land school, for example, Guan Yin is frequently
depicted as standing alongside Amitabha Buddha and bodhisattva
Mahasthamaprapta. Temples that revere the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha usually
depict him meditating alongside the Buddha and Guan Yin.
Along with Buddhism, Guanyin's veneration was introduced into China as early
as the 1st century CE, and reached Japan by way of Korea soon after Buddhism
was first introduced into the country in the mid-7th century.
More recently in Europe and America, a new wave of believers are spreading a
devotional cult beyond buddhism, taoism and folk traditional beliefs. Guan
Yin is not only a bodhisattva or a goddess but a focus of devotion by some
Eastern New Age movements.
Guanyin's representation
Representations of the bodhisattva in China prior to the Song Dynasty
(960-1279) were masculine in appearance. Images which later displayed
attributes of both genders are believed to be in accordance with the Lotus
Sutra, where Avalokitesvara has the supernatural power of assuming any form
required to relieve suffering, and also has the power to grant children
(possibly relating to the fact that in this Sutra -unlike in others- both
men and women are believed to have ability to achieve enlightment). Because
this bodhisattva is considered the personification of compassion and
kindness, a mother-goddess and patron of mothers and seamen, the
representation in China was further interpreted in an all-female form around
the 12th century. In the modern period, Guan Yin is most often represented
as a beautiful, white-robed woman, a depiction which derives from the
earlier Pandaravasini form.
Legends
Guanyin and the Thousand Arms
One Buddhist legend presents Guan Yin as vowing to never rest until she had
freed all sentient beings from samsara, reincarnation. Despite strenuous
effort, she realized that still many unhappy beings were yet to be saved.
After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, her head split into
eleven pieces. Amitabha Buddha, seeing her plight, gave her eleven heads
with which to hear the cries of the suffering. Upon hearing these cries and
comprehending them, Avalokitesvara attempted to reach out to all those who
needed aid, but found that her two arms shattered into pieces. Once more,
Amitabha came to her aid and appointed her a thousand arms with which to aid
the many. Many Himalayan versions of the tale include eight arms with which
Avalokitesvara skillfully upholds the Dharma, each possessing its own
particular implement, while more Chinese-specific versions give varying
accounts of this number.
In China, it is said that fishermen used to pray to her to ensure safe
voyages. The titles Guan Yin of the Southern Ocean (南海觀音) and 'Guan Yin
(of/on) the Island' stem from this tradition.
Legend of Miao Shan
Another story describes Guan Yin as the daughter of a cruel king who wanted
her to marry a wealthy but uncaring man. The story is usually ascribed to
the research of the Buddhist monk Chiang Chih-ch'i in 1100AD. The story is
likely to have a Taoist origin. Chiang Chih-ch'i, when he penned the work,
believed that the Guan Yin we know today was actually a Buddhist princess
called Miao Shan (妙善), who had a religious following on Fragrant Mountain.
Despite this, however, there are many variants of the story in Chinese
mythology.
According to the story, after the king asked his daughter Miao Shan to marry
the wealthy man, she told him that she would obey his command, so long as
the marriage eased three misfortunes.
The king asked his daughter what were the three misfortunes that the
marriage should ease. Miao Shan explained that the first misfortune the
marriage should ease was the suffering people endure as they age. The second
misfortune it should ease was the suffering people endure when they fall
ill. The third misfortune it should ease was the suffering caused by death.
If the marriage could not ease any of the above, then she would rather
retire to a life of religion forever.
When her father asked who could ease all the above, Miao Shan pointed out
that a doctor was able to do all these.
Her father grew angry as he wanted her to marry a person of power and
wealth, not a healer. He forced her into hard labor and reduced her food and
drink but this did not cause her to yield.
Every day she begged to be able to enter a temple and become a nun instead
of marrying. Her father eventually allowed her to work in the temple, but
asked the monks to give her very hard chores in order to discourage her. The
monks forced Miao Shan to work all day and all night, while others slept, in
order to finish her work. However, she was such a good person that the
animals living around the temple began to help her with her chores. Her
father, seeing this, became so frustrated that he attempted to burn down the
temple. Miao Shan put out the fire with her bare hands and suffered no
burns. Now struck with fear, her father ordered her to be put to death.
In one version of this legend, when she was executed, a supernatural tiger
took Guan Yin to one of the more hell-like realms of the dead. However,
instead of being punished by demons like the other inmates, Guan Yin played
music and flowers blossomed around her. This completely surprised the head
demon. The story says that Guan Yin, by merely being in that hell, turned it
into a paradise.
A variant of the legend says that Miao Shan allowed herself to die at the
hand of the executioner. According to this legend, as the executioner tried
to carry out her father's orders, his axe shattered into a thousand pieces.
He then tried a sword which likewise shattered. He tried to shoot Miao Shan
down with arrows but they all veered off.
Finally in desperation he used his hands. Miao Shan, realising the fate the
executioner would meet at her father's hand should she fail to let herself
die, forgave the executioner for attempting to kill her. It is said that she
voluntarily took on the massive karmic guilt the executioner generated for
killing her, thus leaving him guiltless. It is because of this that she
descended into the Hell-like realms. While there she witnessed firsthand the
suffering and horrors beings there must endure and was overwhelmed with
grief. Filled with compassion, she released all the good karma she had
accumulated through her many lifetimes, thus freeing many suffering souls
back into Heaven and Earth. In the process that Hell-like realm became a
paradise. It is said that Yanluo, King of Hell, sent her back to Earth to
prevent the utter destruction of his realm, and that upon her return she
appeared on Fragrant Mountain.
Another tale says that Miao Shan never died but was in fact transported by a
supernatural tiger, believed to be the Deity of the Place, to Fragrant
Mountain.
The Legend of Miao Shan usually ends with Miao Chuang Yen, Miao Shan's
father, falling ill with jaundice. No physician was able to cure him. Then a
monk appeared saying that the jaundice could be cured by making a medicine
out of the arm and eye of one without anger. The monk further suggested that
such a person could be found on Fragrant Mountain. When asked, Miao Shan
willingly offered up her eyes and arms. Miao Chuang Yen was cured of his
illness and went to the Fragrant Mountain to give thanks to the person. When
he discovered that his own daughter had made the sacrifice, he begged for
forgiveness. The story concludes with Miao Shan being transformed into the
Thousand Armed Guan Yin, and the king, queen and her two sisters building a
temple on the mountain for her. She began her journey to heaven and was
about to cross over into heaven when she heard a cry of suffering from the
world below. She turned around and saw the massive suffering endured by the
people of the world. Filled with compassion, she returned to earth, vowing
never to leave till such time as all suffering has ended.
After her return to Earth, Guan Yin was said to have stayed for a few years
on the island of Mount Putuo where she practised meditation and helped the
sailors and fishermen who got stranded. Guan Yin is frequently worshipped as
patron of sailors and fishermen due to this. She is said to frequently
becalm the sea when boats are threatened with rocks. After some decades Guan
Yin returned to Fragrant Mountain to continue her meditation.
Guanyin and Shan Tsai
Legend has it that Shan Tsai (also called Sudhana in Sanskrit) was a
disabled boy from India who was very interested in studying the Buddha
Dharma. When he heard that there was a Buddhist teacher on the rocky island
of Putuo he quickly journeyed there to learn. Upon arriving the island, he
managed to find Bodhisattva Guan Yin despite his severe disability.
Guan Yin, after having a discussion with Shan Tsai, decided to test the
boy's resolve to fully study the Buddhist teachings. She conjured the
illusion of three sword-wielding pirates running up the hill to attack her.
Guan Yin took off and dashed off to the edge of a cliff, the three illusions
still chasing her.
Shan Tsai, seeing that his teacher was in danger, hobbled uphill. Guan Yin
then jumped over the edge of the cliff, and soon after this the three
bandits followed. Shan Tsai, still wanting to save his teacher, managed to
crawl his way over the cliff edge.
Shan Tsai fell down the cliff but was halted in midair by Guan Yin, who now
asked him to walk. Shan Tsai found that he could walk normally and that he
was no longer crippled. When he looked into a pool of water he also
discovered that he now had a very handsome face. From that day forth, Guan
Yin taught Shan Tsai the entire Buddha Dharma.
Guanyin and Lung Nü
Many years after Shan Tsai became a disciple of Guan Yin, a distressing
event happened in the South Sea. The sons of one of the Dragon Kings (a
ruler-god of the sea) was caught by a fisherman while taking the form of a
fish. Being stuck on land, he was unable to transform back into his dragon
form. His father, despite being a mighty Dragon King, was unable to do
anything while his son was on land. Distressed, the son called out to all of
Heaven and Earth.
Hearing this cry, Guan Yin quickly sent Shan Tsai to recover the fish and
gave him all the money she had. The fish at this point was about to be sold
in the market. It was causing quite a stir as it was alive hours after being
caught. This drew a much larger crowd than usual at the market. Many people
decided that this prodigious situation meant that eating the fish would
grant them immortality, and so all present wanted to buy the fish. Soon a
bidding war started, and Shan Tsai was easily outbid.
Shan Tsai begged the fish seller to spare the life of the fish. The crowd,
now angry at someone so daring, was about to prise him away from the fish
when Guan Yin projected her voice from far away, saying "A life should
definitely belong to one who tries to save it, not one who tries to take
it."
The crowd realising their shameful actions and desire, dispersed. Shan Tsai
brought the fish back to Guan Yin, who promptly returned it to the sea.
There the fish transformed back to a dragon and returned home. Paintings of
Guan Yin today sometimes portray her holding a fish basket, which represents
the aforementioned tale.
But the story does not end here. As a reward for Guan Yin saving his son,
the Dragon King sent his granddaughter, a girl called Lung Nü ("dragon
girl"), to present to Guan Yin with the Pearl of Light. The Pearl of Light
was a precious jewel owned by the Dragon King that constantly shone. Lung Nü,
overwhelmed by the presence of Guan Yin, asked to be her disciple so that
she might study the Buddha Dharma. Guan Yin accepted her offer with just one
request: that Lung Nü be the new owner of the Pearl of Light.
In popular iconography, Lung Nü and Shan Tsai are often seen alongside Guan
Yin as two children. Lung Nü is seen either holding a bowl or an ingot,
which represents the Pearl of Light, whereas Shan Tsai is seen with palms
joined and knees slightly bent to show that he was once crippled.
Guanyin and Vegetarianism
Due to her symbolising compassion, in East Asia Guan Yin is associated with
vegetarianism. Chinese vegetarian restaurants are generally decorated with
her image, and she appears in most Buddhist vegetarian pamphlets and
magazines. Kwan Yin devotees additionally encourage others to not eat beef,
because of one of her forms, Nilakantha, equates to an incarnation of the
Hindu god Harihara.
Guanyin in Chinese Buddhism
In Chinese Buddhism, Guanyin/Kuan Yin/Kannon/Kwannon is synonymous with the
Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, the pinnacle of mercy and compassion. Among the
Chinese, Avalokitesvara is almost exclusively called Guan Shi Yin Pu Sa. The
Chinese translation of many Buddhist sutras has in fact replaced the Chinese
transliteration of Avalokitesvara with Guan Shi Yin.
In Chinese Buddhism, the popular myth and worship of Guan Yin as a goddess
by the populace is generally not viewed to be in conflict with the
bodhisattva Avalokitesvara's nature. In fact the widespread worship of Guan
Yin as a "Goddess of Mercy and Compassion" is seen as the boundless salvific
nature of bodhisattva Avalokitesvara at work. The Buddhist canon states that
bodhisattvas can assume whatsoever gender and form is needed to liberate
beings from ignorance and dukkha. With specific reference to Avalokitesvara,
he is stated both in the Lotus Sutra and the Surangama Sutra to have
appeared before as a woman or a goddess to save beings from suffering and
ignorance. Some Buddhist schools refer to Guan Yin both as male and female
interchangeably.
Also in Mahayana Buddhism, to which Chinese Buddhism belongs, gender is no
obstacle to Enlightenment. The Buddhist concept of non-duality applies here.
The Vimalakirti Sutra in the Goddess chapter clearly illustrates an
Enlightened being who is also a female and deity. In the Lotus Sutra a
maiden became Enlightened in a very short time span. That bodhisattva
Avalokitesvara is also the goddess Guan Yin is not seen as contradictory.
Given that bodhisattvas are known to incarnate at will as living people
according to the sutras, the princess Miao Shan is generally viewed as an
incarnation of Avalokitesvara.
Guanyin is immensely popular among Chinese Buddhists, especially those from
devotional schools. She is generally seen as a source of unconditional love
and more importantly as a savior. In her bodhisattva vows, Guan Yin promises
to answer the cries and pleas of all beings and to liberate all beings from
their own karmic woes. Based upon the Lotus Sutra and the Shurangama sutra,
Avalokitesvara is generally seen as a savior, both spiritually and
physically. The sutras state that through his saving grace even those who
have no chance of being Enlightened can be Enlightened, and those deep in
negative karma can still find salvation through his compassion.
In Pure Land Buddhism, Guan Yin is described as the "Bark of Salvation".
Along with Amitabha Buddha and the bodhisattva Mahastamaprata, She
temporarily liberates beings out of the Wheel of Samsara into the Pure Land,
where they will have the chance to accrue the necessary merit so as to be a
Buddha in one lifetime.
Even among Chinese Buddhist schools that are non-devotional, Guan Yin is
still highly venerated. Instead of being seen as an active external force of
unconditional love and salvation, the personage of Guan Yin is highly
revered as the principle of compassion, mercy and love. The act, thought and
feeling of compassion and love is viewed as Guan Yin. A merciful,
compassionate, loving individual is said to be Guan Yin. A meditative or
contemplative state of being at peace with oneself and others is seen as
Guan Yin.
In the Mahayana canon, the Heart Sutra is ascribed entirely to the
bodhisattva Kuan Yin/Kwannon. This is unique, as most Mahayana Sutras are
usually ascribed to Shakyamuni Buddha and the teachings, deeds or vows of
the bodhisattvas are described by Shakyamuni Buddha. In the Heart Sutra,
Guan Yin/Avalokitesvara describes to the Arhat Sariputra the nature of
reality and the essence of the Buddhist teachings. The famous Buddhist
saying "Form is emptiness, emptiness is form" comes from this sutra.
Guanyin and Chinese Folk Belief
Guan Yin is an extremely popular Goddess in Chinese folk belief and is
worshipped in Chinese communities throughout East and South East Asia. Guan
Yin is revered in the general Chinese population due to her unconditional
love, compassion and mercy. She is generally regarded by many as the
protector of women and children. By this association she is also seen as a
fertility goddess capable of granting children. She is also seen as the
champion of the unfortunate, the sick, the disabled, the poor, and those in
trouble. Some coastal and river areas of China regard her as the protector
of fishermen, sailors, and generally people who are out at sea. Due to her
association with the legend of the Great Flood where she sent down a dog
filled with rice grains in its tail after the flood, she is worshipped as a
rice goddess. In some quarters, especially among business people and
traders, she is looked upon as a Goddess of Luck and Fortune. In recent
years there have been claims of her being the protector of air travellers.
Guanyin and the Virgin Mary
Some Christian and Roman Catholic observers have commented on the similarity
between Guan Yin and the Blessed Virgin Mary of Catholicism, the mother of
Jesus. The Tzu-Chi Foundation, a Taiwanese Buddhist organization, also
noticing the similarity, commissioned a portrait of Guan Yin and a baby that
resembles the typical Madonna and Child painting.
Some Chinese of the overwhelmingly Roman Catholic Philippines, in an act of
syncretism, have identified Guan Yin with the Virgin Mary.
During the Edo Period in Japan, when Christianity was banned and punishable
by death, some underground Christian groups venerated the Virgin Mary
disguised as a statue of Kannon; such statues are known as Maria Kannon.
Many had a cross hidden in an inconspicuous location.
Guanyin in popular culture
* Guan Yin plays a central role in the plot of the classic Chinese novel
Journey to the West.
* In the manga/anime titled Saiyuki (Gensoumaden Saiyuki in Japan) (based on
the Chinese tale Journey to the West), Guan Yin appears as Kanzeon Bosatsu,
who appears as a minor, but still relevant, character. In this unorthodox
take on Buddhism, Kanzeon is a smart-talking hermaphrodite who guides the
Sanzo-ikkou on their quest to Shangri-La.
* In the X-Men comic books, there are two characters named after the deity:
Kwannon and Kuan-Yin Xorn.
* The name of the Japanese company Canon Inc. derives from the Japanese name
of the deity (see company's article for details).
* Her birthday, the 19th day of 2nd lunar month (6 April in 2007), based on
Chinese calendar is a holiday in the Republic of China.
* In several comic books by Adam Warren Kuan Yin is the name of a high-tech
weapons maker.
* Gotenks from the Dragon Ball/Dragon Ball Z manga and the Dragon Ball Z
anime, uses an attack called "Senju Kannon Punch" (translated as Thousand
Hand Guan Yin Punch) in which he launches a flurry of blows similar to a
syogekiha while his arms move so fast that he appears to have hundreds of
them.
References
* Martin Palmer, Jay Ramsay, Man-Ho Kwok: Kuan Yin. Myths and Prophecies of
the Chinese Goddess of Compassion, Thorsons, San Francisco 1995, ISBN
1-85538-417-5
* Kuan Ming: Popular Deities of Chinese Buddhism, Buddha Dharma Education
Association Inc, 1985
* Chun-fang Yu, Kuan-yin, The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara,
Columbia University Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-231-12029-X
* John Blofeld: Bodhisattva of Compassion. The Mystical Tradition of Kuan
Yin, Shambhala, Boston 1988, ISBN 0-87773-126-8
* Miao Yun: Teachings in Chinese Buddhism: Selected Translation of Miao Yun,
Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc, 1995
* Evolution of Avalokitesvara
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